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Samuel Zubby Duru - My Blog
Samuel Zubby Duru - My Blog
Leadership and Good Governance in Africa: “Questioning the verity and efficacy of modern democracy in Africa.”
Related to country: Nigeria

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

While emphasizing on the increased sense of efficacy of man and his ability to fulfill his needs, theories of modernity are also concerned with the systems in which men of the modern times rule themselves. Among other systems, worldwide most cherished system is democracy. Today, most nations of the world believe that it creates a great positive impact on governance, national growth, development and solidarity, even though it is not itself an elixir to all societal maladies. Since these which democracy is believed to ensure are indispensable in a world that has become a global village, democracy becomes considered as the measure of international integrity of national communities.

Also, many people are convinced that democracy is a tool that liberates the masses from oppression and exploitation – i.e. serves as an ideological testing ground for the application of the modern definition of some cherished principles like the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom.

In a romantic but significant manner, Abraham Lincoln defined democracy as the government of the people, by the people, and for the people. In another development, Appadorai defined it as “a system of government under which the people exercise their governing power either directly or indirectly or via representatives periodically elected by them.”

Democracy is a system of government that promotes and encourages the right of citizenship such as freedom of speech, of religion, of expression, of association, the assertion of the rule of law, majority rule accompanied by respect for the rights of minorities. “Democracy recognizes the inherent worth of every individual or group, and strives for political order in which all could live with a measure of dignity”, remarked Rev. Fr. Dr. Jude Uwalaka.

The continent of Africa has been bedeviled by abject misrule. Leadership in Africa leaves a lot to be desired. Over the years, African politics had been characterized by unhealthy tussles and skullduggery. In fact, “a polity of anything goes”, is the veritable clause to explain the leadership fiasco in the continent. The hanker for re-election and continuity, is apparently the villain of the piece, as far as leadership in Africa is concerned. Sad enough, Africa has witnessed avalanche of political instability to this end. In December 2008, a political turmoil erupted in Kenya, East Africa, sequel to the re-election of Mwai Kibaki. Ugly developments like this get in the way of national, regional and continental progress and productivity. Thus, it cannot be improper to say that Africa is a continent of democratic experiment.


However, just like the case with every other concept and practice, democracy has come under censure over the years. In recent times, one of such criticism was proposed by Professor G. Onah. Prof. Onah’s major problem with democracy is the polarity of its ideal values and the vulnerability of its real practice. According to him, if one is to follow the popular Lincolnian definition, while it promises to be a government of the people, democracy does not and cannot address its whole people, or else, as Rousseau would suggest, it would be a human government no more. By saying this, Onah does not however imply that democracy must be ideal to be real, he rather exposes that in the modern practice of democracy, the yawning gap between the real and the ideal has so much been extended to the extent that one will start to argue if democracy means anything at all.

There is no place this estimation of modern democracy is more vivid than in its experience in Africa. To be factual about it, “Africa’s experience of democracy has been horrendous, and the gist of the problem is that in Africa no process has ever been set in motion taking account of the continent’s specific context”.

As a matter of fact, there is no reason why Professor Onah’s diagnosis of the African political problem, would not appear plausible to any responsible mind. For more than two decades, Africa has been incubating a grave leadership crisis within her frontiers. The nature and level of this crisis is such that it has affected the whole gamut of African attitude to religion, politics, economics, education and even technology. For some time now, politics in Africa has meant nothing less than wide and prolonged social belligerence. For instance, in just the sub-Saharan part of the continent, there are no less than six countries in persistent territorial turbulence. These socio-political outbursts have left at their wake in Dafur, Angola, Liberia, Rwanda, Sudan and Nigeria, scarce means of livelihood, morbid economic standards and moral decay.

It is not only this; most unfortunately, governance in Africa has paid little or no attention to the intellectual growth of her citizens and the survival of the civilization in general. This is easily evident when one compares the face of education and industry in Africa to what obtains in most Western countries. Unlike in Africa, almost all Asian countries have invested much time to the collective activation of their education sector, which has preeminently resulted in their most recent experience of industrial revolution. In all these perplexities, one thing is clearly evident: Africa cannot be like it is and yet claim that nothing is wrong with her governmental structure. Perchance, it is also for this evident quagmire in African leadership that she has always been left behind as an underdog in matters of global development.

It may however be quite interesting to comment that unfortunately enough, a lot of pundits who have diagnosed the African leadership malaise have not given it a fair trial. This is definitely the reason why around the 1990s, many people started to prescribe the so-called democracy as the ultimate Rx to leadership in Africa. No doubts, these people while venerating the conceptual virtues of democracy and its relative success in some Western countries, never considered the predisposition of Africa to a genuine democratic practice. And it will be scarcely illogical to think along with this discourse that the long experience of crises in African leadership is a quick response to such an inept embrace of democracy.

It must be called to mind that Africa inherited a very ugly complex from her imperial overlords – that of dominance, unhealthy competition, egocentrism and egotism. The nature of colonial government in many African nations was such that African people were divided and merged against one another, and this gave room for wide competition in different African parliaments. During those hey days, a lot of people who were not favoured, fought doggedly for independence and this really accounts for the kind of political struggle witnessed in many African countries immediately after independence.

It was indeed not a surprise that people who finally found themselves at the corridors of power in many African countries after post independence struggles, like their colonial models, held tacitly and parasitically to power for donkey’s years. In some African countries like Nigeria, military rule had to be enthroned in a checkered manner in an attempt to bring former strangers to live together as one people. Where military incursions were not possible like in Zimbabwe, many interested bloc zealots merely saw the victory of leadership as an opportunity for the practice of the lessons of imperialism. In fact, it is not untrue that no African country was really ready or could have been ready for democracy by 1989.

This historical analysis assumes much relevance if considered alongside what one might call the professed prerequisites for democracy. Supposedly, democracy should be a kind of government that respects the dignity of all human persons regardless of race, colour or class, restoring to everyone in the human family certain inalienable rights.

Indeed, such factors as “high literacy rate and higher education for more persons, a large and influential commercial or industrial middle class, dispersion of political and economic resources among the populace, higher living standards for more persons, consciousness of basic human rights founded on the dignity and equality of all citizens, a virile and stable society, some form of cultural homogeneity or at least a non segmented cultural heterogeneity and the rule of law”, should mark out a democracy in the modern state (R.Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, pp.316, 344-364).

Matter-of-factly, it will be overlabouring the fact to state that practicing such a kind of government demands a level of collective exposure, experience and maturity (which took Western Europe many centuries to develop); these, no African country ever had before embracing their version of democracy. Democracy had to become one of those psychological gadgets Africans adopted by imitation from the Caucasoid and so unfortunately, its critical adoption remains one major modern political mistake in Africa.

Alas, one very big problem with the so-called modern practice of democracy is that just like modernism itself, it has so much been expanded by excessive freedom to fit almost every human caprice. Its field of operation is such that it is no longer discernible what is really democratic and not. Though pointing out this divide is supposed to be the function of law, modern law has most times lacked proper specification, giving space for a lot of manipulation. This lack of proper specification even in global politics is often most felt in international relations between democratic nations and in the administration of hydra-headed international democratic organizations - (under the cover of the jargon of diplomacy.)

Truly, if one matches this general problem with the practice of modern democracy together with the ordinary historical ineptitude of most African governments, one will understand why crisis in leadership is assuming unimaginable proportions in Africa. Little wonder, African democratic politics has been a sham; elections are massively rigged, party politics are left secure for the enslavement of the polity; the rule of law has lost every capacity of redress (and this has survived for long.)

Sensitively enough, for the very many reasons that appertain to her unique history, Africa is not in the best position to manage this problem while professing to be democratic. She needs first to acquire all or some of what it takes to be a democracy. It is only regrettable that if Africa does not shed away the coat of democratic pretense and unreality now, she will continue to experience obnoxious reviews and counter reviews of her constitutions, individual privatization initiatives, wild marginalization and torrential wars.

This is the most pressing challenge of modern African politics. Considering what options are available and deciding from which alternatives to choose, will be determined by very many variables whose discussion lie outside the scope of this construction.

Nevertheless, Africa needs men with credible and superlative profile like Nelson Mandela, former President of South Africa; “Papa Africa”, who doggedly championed the freedom of South Africa from imperialism, and eventually romped to victory amid torpedo and confinement. Subsequently, he ruled South Africa with the ideals of a true democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and equal opportunity. After his tenure, he relinquished power, and never sought a re-election.

Conclusively, at this present political dispensation, nothing is as paramount as a responsible, accountable, sensitive and transparent leadership to Africa.

October 6, 2009 | 11:05 AM Comments  0 comments

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